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Thursday 10 January 2019

Jamb 2019 syllabus for economics

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 1. Economics as a science

Topics:
a. Basic Concepts: Wants, Scarcity, choice, scale of preference, opportunity cost, Rationality, production, distribution, consumption.
bi. Economic problems of: What, how and for whom to produce and efficiency of resource use.
bii. Application of PPF to solution of economic problems.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) compare various concepts in economics and their applications;
(ii) interpret graphs/schedules in relation to the concepts;
(iii) identify economic problems;
(iv) proffer solutions to economic problems

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 2. Economic Systems

Topics:
a. Types and characteristics of free enterprise, centrally planned and mixed economies
b. Solutions to economic problems under different systems
c. Contemporary issues in economic systems (economic reforms e.g deregulation, banking sector consolidation, cash policy reform).
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) compare the various economic systems;
(ii) apply the knowledge of economic systems to contemporary issues in Nigeria
(iii) proffer solutions to economic problems in different economic systems.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 3. Methods and Tools of Economic Analysis

Topics:
a. Scientific Approach:
i. inductive and deductive methods
ii. positive and normative reasoning
b. Basic Tools
i. tables, charts and graphs
ii. measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode, and their applications.
iii. measures of dispersion; variance, standard deviation, range and their applications;
iv. merits and demerits of the tools.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) distinguish between the various forms of reasoning;
(ii) apply these forms of reasoning to real life situations;
(iii) use the tools to interpret economic data;
(iv) analyse economic data using the tools;
(v) assess the merits and demerits of the tools.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 4. The Theory of Demand

Topics:
a. i. meaning and determinants of demand
ii. demand schedules and curves
iii. the distinction between change in quantity demanded and change in demand.
b. Types of demand: Composite, derived, competitive and joint demand:
c. Types, nature and determinants of elasticity and their measurement – price, income and cross elasticity of demand:
d. Importance of elasticity of demand to consumers, producers and government.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the factors determining demand;
(ii) interpret demand curves from demand schedules;
(iii) differentiate between change in quantity demanded and change in demand;
(iv) compare the various types of demand and their interrelationships;
(v) relate the determinants to the nature of elasticity;
(vi) compute elasticities;
(vii) interpret elasticity coefficients in relation to real life situations.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 5. The Theory of Consumer Behavior

Topics:
a. Basic Concepts:
i. utility (cardinal, ordinal, total average and marginal utilities)
ii. indifference curve and budget line.
b. Diminishing marginal utility and the law of demand.
c. Consumer equilibrium using the indifference curve and marginal analyses.
d. Effects of shift in the budget line and the indifference curve.
e. Consumer surplus and its applications.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) explain the various utility concepts;
(ii) apply the law of demand using the marginal utility analysis;
(iii) use indifference curve and marginal analyses to determine consumer equilibrium;
(iv) relate the income and substitution effects;
(v) apply consumer surplus to real life situations.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 6. The Theory of Supply

Topics:
a. i. Meaning and determinants of supply
ii. Supply schedules and supply curves
iii. the distinction between change in quantity supplied and change in supply
b. Types of Supply: Joint/complementary, competitive and composite
c. Elasticity of Supply: determinants, measurements, nature and applications
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the factors determining supply;
(ii) interpret supply curves from supply schedules;
(iii) differentiate between change in quantity supplied and change in supply;
(iv) compare the various types of supply and their interrelationships;
(v) relate the determinants to the nature of elasticity;
(vi) compute elasticity coefficients;
(vii) interpret the coefficients in relation to real live situations.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 7. The Theory of Price Determination

Topics:
a. The concepts of market and price
b. Functions of the price system
c. i. Equilibrium price and quantity in product and factor markets
ii. Price legislation and its effects
d. The effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium price and quantity.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) explain the concepts of market and price;
(ii) examine the functions of the price system;
(iii) evaluate the effects of government interference with the price system;
(iv) differentiate between minimum and maximum price legislation;
(v) interpret the effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium price and quantity.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 8. The Theory of Production

Topics:
a. Meaning and types of production
b. Concepts of production and their interrelationships (TP, AP, MP and the law of variable proportion).
c. Division of labour and specialization
d. Scale of Production:
Internal and external economies of scale and their implications.
e. Production functions and returns to scale
f. Producers’ equilibrium isoquant-isocost and marginal analyses.
g. Factors affecting productivity.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) relate TP, AP and MP with the law of variable proportion;
(ii) compare internal and external economies of scale in production and their effects;
(iii) identify the types of production functions
(iv) compare the different types of returns to the scale and their implications;
(v) determine the firm’s equilibrium position using the isoquant-isocost and marginal analyses.
(vi) identify the factors affecting productivity.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 9. Theory of Costs and Revenue

Topics:
a. The concepts of cost: Fixed, Variable, Total Average and Marginal
b. The concepts of revenue: Total, average and marginal revenue;
c. Accountants’ and Economists’ notions of cost
d. Short-run and long-run costs
e. The marginal cost and the supply curve of firm.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) explain the various cost concepts
(ii) differentiate between accountants’ and economists’ notions of costs
(iii) interpret the short-run and long-run costs curves
(iv) establish the relationship between marginal cost and supply curve.
(v) explain the various revenue concepts.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 10. Market Structures

Topics:
a. Perfectly competitive market:
i. Assumptions and characteristics;
ii. Short-run and long-run equilibrium of a perfect competitor;
b. Imperfect Market:
i. Pure monopoly, discriminatory monopoly and monopolistic competition.
ii. Short-run and long-run equilibrium positions.
c. Break-even/shut-down analysis in the various markets.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the assumptions and characteristics of a perfectly competitive market;
(ii) differentiate between short-run and long-run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm;
(iii) analyse the assumptions and characteristics of imperfect markets;
(iv) differentiate between the short-run and long-run equilibria of imperfectly competitive firms;
(v) establish the conditions for the break- even/shut down of firms.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 11. National Income

Topics:
a. The Concepts of GNP, GDP, NI, NNP
b. National Income measurements and their problems
c. Uses and limitations of national income estimates
d. The circular flow of income (two and three-sector models)
e. The concepts of consumption, investment and savings
f. The multiplier and it effects
g. Elementary theory of income determination and equilibrium national income.
objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the major concepts in national income;
(ii) compare the different ways of measuring national income;
(iii) examine their problems;
(iv) assess the uses and limitations of national income estimates;
(v) interpret the circular flow of income using the two and three-sector models;
(vi) calculate the various multipliers;
(vii) evaluate their effects on equilibrium national income;
(viii) explain the concepts of consumption, investment and savings.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 12. Money and Inflation

Topics:
a. Types, characteristics and functions of money
b. Demand for money and the supply of money
c. Quantity Theory of money (Fisher equation)
d. The value of money and the price level
e. Inflation: Types, measurements, effects and control
f. Deflation: Measurements, effects and control.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) explain between the types, characteristics and functions of money;
(ii) identify the factors affecting the demand for and the supply of money;
(iii) examine the relationship between the value of money and the price level;
(iv) identify the components in the quantity theory of money;
(v) examine the causes and effects of inflation;
(vi) calculate the consumer price index;
(vii) interpret the consumer price index;
(viii) examine ways of controlling inflation.
(ix) Examine the causes, measurement, effects and control of deflation.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 13. Financial Institutions

Topics:
a. Types and functions of financial institutions (traditional, central bank, mortgage banks, merchant banks, insurance companies, building societies);
b. The role of financial institutions in economic development;
c. Money and capital markets
d. Financial sector regulations
e. Deposit money banks and the creation of money
f. Monetary policy and its instruments
g. Challenges facing financial institutions in Nigeria.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) Identify the types and functions of financial institutions;
(ii) Explain the roles of financial institutions in economic development;
(iii) Distinguish between the money and capital markets;
(iv) Identify the various financial sector regulators and their functions;
(v) Explain the money creation process and its challenges;
(vi) Examine the various monetary policy instruments and their effects;
(vii) Appraise the challenges facing the financial institutions in Nigeria.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 14. Public Finance

a. Meaning and objectives
b. Fiscal policy and its instruments
c. Sources of government revenue (taxes royalties, rents, grants and aids)
d. Principles of taxation
e. Tax incidence and its effects
f. The effects of public expenditure
g. Government budget and public debts
h. Revenue allocation and resource control in Nigeria.
Objectives
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the objectives of public finance;
(ii) explain fiscal policy and its instruments;
(iii) compare the various sources of government revenue
(iv) analyse the principles of taxation;
(v) analyse the incidence of taxation and its effects;
(vi) examine the effects of public expenditure on the economy;
(vii) examine the types and effects of budgets;
(viii) highlight the criteria for revenue allocation in Nigeria and their impact.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 15. Economic Growth and Development

Topics:
a. Meaning and scope
b. Indicators of growth and development
c. Factors affecting growth and development
d. Problems of development in Nigeria
e. Development planning in Nigeria.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) distinguish between economic growth and development;
(ii) highlight the indicators of growth and development;
(iii) identify the factors affecting growth and development;
(iv) examine the problems of development in Nigeria;
(v) examine the role of planning in development;

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 16. Agriculture in Nigeria

Topics:
a. Types and features;
b. The role of agriculture in economic development;
c. Problems of agriculture;
d. Effects of agricultural policies and their effects;
e. Instability in agricultural incomes (causes, effects and solutions).
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the types and features of agriculture;
(ii) examine the characteristics and problems of agriculture;
(iii) assess the role of agriculture in economic development;
(iv) appraise agricultural policies in Nigeria;
(v) evaluate the causes and effects of instability in agricultural incomes.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 17. Industry and Industrialization

Topics:
a. Concepts and effects of location and localization of industry in Nigeria;
b. Strategies and Industrialization in Nigeria;
c. Industrialization and economic development in Nigeria;
d. Funding and management of business organization;
e. Factors determining the size of firms.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) differentiate between location and localization of industry;
(ii) identify the factors influencing the location and localization of industry;
(iii) examine the problems of industrialization;
(iv) appraise some industrialization strategies;
(v) examine the role of industry in economic development.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 18. Natural Resources and the Nigerian Economy

Topics:
a. Development of major natural resources (petroleum, gold, diamond, timber etc);
b. Contributions of the oil and the non-oil sectors to the Nigerian economy;
c. Linkage effects;
d. Upstream/downstream of the oil sector;
e. The role of NNPC and OPEC in the oil sector;
f. Challenges facing natural resources exploitation.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) trace the development of the major natural resources in Nigeria;
(ii) assess the contribution of the oil and the non-oil sectors to the Nigerian economy;
(iii) establish the linkages between the natural resources and other sectors;
(iv) analyse the environmental effects of exploitation activities in Nigeria;
(v) distinguish between the upstream and downstream activities in the oil sector ;
(vi) examine the roles of NNPC and OPEC in the oil sector;
(vii) suggest ways of controlling the effects of natural resources exploitation.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 19. Business Organizations

Topics:
a. Private enterprises (e.g. sole-proprietorship, partnership, limited liability companies and cooperative societies)
b. Problems of private enterprises;
c. Public enterprises and their problems;
d. Funding and management of business organizations;
e. Factors determining the size of firms;
f. Privatization and Commercialization as solutions to the problems of public enterprises.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) compare the types and basic features of private business organization;
(ii) assess the financing and management problems of business organizations;
(iii) identify the features of public enterprises;
(iv) identify the factors determining the size of firms;
(v) differentiate between privatization and commercialization;
(vi) compare the advantages and disadvantages of privatization and commercialization;

20. Population

Topics:
a. Meaning and theories;
b. Census: importance and problems.
c. Size and growth: over-population, under- population and optimum population.
d. Structure and distribution;
e. Population policy and economic development.
Objectives: 
Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse some population theories:
(ii) examine the relevance of the theories to Nigeria;
(iii) examine the uses and limitations of census data;
(iv) identify determinants of the size, composition and growth of population;
(v) analyse the structure and distribution of population;
(vi) appraise government population policy in Nigeria.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 21. International Trade

Topics:
a. Meaning and basis for international trade (absolute and comparative costs etc)
b. Balance of trade and balance of payments: problems and corrective measures;
c. Composition and direction of Nigeria’s foreign trade;
d. Exchange rate: meaning, types and determination.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) examine the basis for international trade.
(ii) differentiate between absolute and comparative advantages;
(iii) distinguish between balance of trade and balance of payments and their corrective measures;
(iv) highlight the problems of balance of payments and their corrective measures;
(v) examine the composition and direction of Nigeria’s foreign trade;
(vi) identify the types of exchange rates;
(vii) examine how exchange rates are determined.

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 22. International Economic Organizations

Topics:
Roles and relevance of international organization e.g. ECOWAS, AU, EU, ECA, IMF, EEC, OECD, World Bank, IBRD, WTO, ADB and UNCTAD etc to Nigeria.
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the various economic organizations and their functions;
(vii) evaluate their relevance to the Nigerian economy

JAMB Syllabus For Economics | 23. Factors of Production and their Theories

Topics:
a. Types, features and rewards;
b. Determination of wages, interest and profits;
c. Theories: marginal productivity theory of wages and liquidity preference theory;
d. Factor mobility and efficiency;
e. Unemployment and its solutions
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the types; features and rewards of factors;
(ii) analyse the determination of wages, interest and profits;
(iii) interpret the marginal productivity of liquidity preference theories
(iv) examine factors mobility and efficiency;
(v) examine the types and causes of unemployment in Nigeria;
(vi) suggest solutions to unemployment in Nigeria.

Jamb 2019 syllabus for accounting

Nature and Significance of Accounting

Topics: 
a.Development of accounting (including branches of accounting)
b. Objectives of bookkeeping and accounting;
c. Users and characteristics of Accounting information
d. Principles, concepts and conventions of accounting (nature, significance and application)
e. Role of accounting records and information
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between bookkeeping and accounting;
ii. use the historical background of bookkeeping and accounting for future development;
iii. apply the right principles, concepts and conventions to solving accounting problems;
iv. examine the role of accounting records and information in decision making.
v. List the branches of Accounting such as Cost Accounting, Management Accounting, Auditing, Financial Accounting and Taxation.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 2. Principles of Double Entry

Topics: 
a. Functions of source documents
b. Books of original entry
c. Accounting equation
d. The ledger and its classifications
e. Trial balance
f. Types and treatment of errors and uses of suspense account
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. relate the various source documents to their uses;
ii. relate source documents to the various books of original entry;
iii. determine the effect of changes in elements of accounting equation;
iv. identify the role of double entry and use it to post transactions into various divisions of the ledger;
v. balance off ledger accounts;
vi. extract a trial balance from balances and determine its uses;
vii. identify various types of errors and their necessary corrections;
viii. create a suspense account.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 3. Ethics in Accounting

Topics: 
a. Objectives
b. Qualities of an Accountant
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. use ethics in preparing and presenting Accounting Reports;
ii. list qualities of an Accountant such as honesty, integrity, transparency, accountability and fairness.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 4. Cashbook

Topics: 
a. Columnar cashbooks
b. Discounts
c. Petty cashbook and the imprest system
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the cash float;
ii. differentiate between two and three columnar cashbooks and how transactions are recorded in them;
iii. differentiate between trade and cash discounts;
iv. examine the effects of trade and cash discounts in the books of accounts.
v. Identify various petty cash expense;

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 5. Bank Transactions and Reconciliation Statements

Topics: 
a. Instrument of bank transactions
b. e-banking system
c. Courses of discrepancies between cashbook and bank statement
d. Bank reconciliation statement
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to :
i. identify bank documents such as cheques, pay-in-slips, credit and debit cards and their uses;
ii. assess the impact of automated credit system, credit transfers, interbank transfers and direct debit on cash balances;
iii. list factors that cause discrepancies between balances of cashbook and bank statements
iv. prepare adjusted cashbook balance
v. prepare bank reconciliation statements.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 6. The Final Accounts of a Sole Trader

Topics:
a. Income statement (Trading and profit and loss account)
b. Statement of financial position (Balance sheet)
c. Adjustments:
i. provision for bad and doubtful debt
ii. provision for discounts
iii. provision for depreciation using straight-line and reducing balance methods
iv. accruals and prepayments
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the cost of sales, gross profit and net profit of a sole trader;
ii. identify fixed assets, current assets, long- term liabilities, current liabilities and proprietor’s capital;
iii. compute adjustable items on the related expenditure and income in the profit and loss account;
iv. relate the adjustable items and their corresponding disclosure in the statement of financial position;
v. differentiate between bad debts and provision for bad and doubtful debts.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 7. Stock Valuation

Topics:
a. Methods of cost determination using FIFO, LIFO and simple average
b. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods
c. The importance of stock valuation
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the cost of materials issued to production or cost of goods sold using FIFO, LIFO and simple average;
ii. calculate the closing stock of materials or finished goods using FIFO, LIFO and simple average;
iii. compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method of stock valuation;
iv. determine the effects of stock valuation on trading, profits and cost of goods sold.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 8. Control Accounts and Self-balancing Ledgers

Topics: 
a. Importance of control accounts
b. Purchases ledger control account
c. Sales ledger control account
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the importance of control accounts in a business enterprise;
ii. differentiate between sales ledger control account and purchases ledger control account;
iii. identify the individual elements of control accounts;
iv. prepare the control accounts

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 9. Incomplete Records and Single Entry

Topics:
a. Conversion of single entry to double entry
b. Determination of missing figures
c. Preparation of final accounts from incomplete records
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine proprietor’s capital using statement of affairs;
ii. determine the amount of sales, purchases, cash balances, debtors, creditors and expenses by converting single entry to double entry;
iii. use accounting equations and gross profit percentage to determine gross profit or cost of sales.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 10. Manufacturing Accounts

Topics: 
a. Cost classification
b. Cost apportionment
c. Preparation of manufacturing account
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. calculate prime cost, production overhead, production cost and total cost;
ii. determine the basis of apportionment into production, administration, selling and distribution.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 11. Accounts of Not-For-Profit-Making Organizations.

Topics:
a. Objectives of Not-For-Profit-Making organizations
b. Receipts and payments account
c. Income and expenditure account
d. Statement of financial position (Balance sheet)
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. distinguish between the features of Not-for-profit-making organizations;
ii. determine the subscription income, subscription in arrears and in advance;
iii. compute the cash balances and accumulated funds, surplus and deficit for the period from all sources.
iv. Prepare:
a. receipts and payments account
b. income and expenditure account
c. statement of financial position

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 12. Departmental Accounts

Topics: 
a. Objectives
b. Apportionment of expenses
c. Departmental trading and profit and loss account
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the reasons for departmental accounts;
ii. determine the expenses associated with individual departments;
iii. compute departmental profits or losses.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 13. Branch Accounts

Topics:
a. Objectives
b. Branch accounts in the head office books
c. Head office account
d. Reconciliation of branch and head office books
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the reasons for branch accounts;
ii. calculate profits and losses from branches;
iii.determine the sources of differences and reconcile them.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 14. Joint Venture Accounts

Topics: 
a. Objectives
b. Personal accounts of venturers
c. Memorandum Joint venture accounts
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the objectives of Joint Venture;
ii. determine the profit or loss of the Joint Venture;
iii.determine the profit or loss of each venture.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 15. Partnership Accounts

Topics:
a. Formation of partnership
b. Profit and loss account
c. Appropriation account
d. Partners current and capital accounts
e. Treatment of goodwill
f. Admission/retirement of a partner
g. Dissolution of partnership
h. Conversion of a partnership to a company
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine the instruments of partnership formation;
ii. categorize all accounts necessary for partnership;
iii. determine the effects of admission and retirement of a partner;
iv. prepare revaluation account
v. identify the accounts required for dissolution and conversion to a company;
vi. determine the partners share of profits or losses

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 16. Introduction to Company Accounts

Topcs:
a. Formation and classification of companies
b. Issue of shares and debentures
c. Final accounts of companies
d. Interpretation of accounts using ratios.
e. Distinction between capital and revenue reserves
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between types of companies;
ii. identify the processes and procedures of recording the issue of shares and debentures;
iii. compute elements of final accounts of companies;
iv. Interprete the accounts for decision making using ratios such as current, acid test and stock turnover.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 17. Public Sector Accounting

Topics:
a. Comparison of cash and accrual basis of accounting
b. Sources of government revenue
c. Capital and recurrent expenditure
d. Consolidated revenue fund
e. Statement of assets and liabilities
f. Responsibilities and powers of:
i. The Accountant General
ii. The Auditor General
i. The Minister of Finance
ii. The Treasurer of local government
g. Instruments of financial regulation
Objectives: 
Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between public sector accounting and private sector accounting;
ii. identify the sources of government revenue;
iii. differentiate between capital and recurrent expenditure;
iii. calculate consolidated revenue fund and determine the values of assets and liabilities;
iv. analyse the duties of the Accountant General, the Auditor General, the Minister of Finance and the Treasurer of local government;
v. distinguish between the elements of control in government accounting procedures e.g. virement, warrant, votes, authority to incur expenditure, budget and due process certificate.

JAMB Syllabus For Principles Of Accounts | 18. Information Technology in Accounting

Topics:
a. Manual and computerized accounting processing system
b. Processes involved in data processing
c. Computer hardware and software
d. Advantages and disadvantages of manual and computerized accounting processing system
Objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
i. relate and differentiate between manual and computerized accounting processing system;
ii. identify the processes involved in data processing;
iii. relate the different components of computer;
iv. identify the advantages and disadvantages of manual and computerized accounting processing system